12.2 Data Sources and Input Systems

Energy data originates from a variety of real-world systems. These include:

• smart meters measuring energy production or consumption

• solar and wind generation systems

• EV charging infrastructure

• enterprise energy management systems

These systems generate continuous streams of data, which must be standardized and validated before being used within blockchain applications.

From a developer perspective, these data sources are not directly connected to the blockchain. Instead, they interface through a structured ingestion layer that ensures consistency and reliability.